Geotrichum candidum

Geotrichum candidum  (yeast/fungus)

Ecology: Ubiquitous worldwide distribution.  Has been isolated from soil, water, sewage, cereals, dairy products and various plants.   Geotrichum species have been considered a part of normal commensal flora when isolated from the sputa and/or feces of health humans.  The genus Geotrichum has several species with Geotrichum candidum being the most common.

Macroscopic Morphology:   On SAB, colonies exhibit moderately rapid growth, producing off-white to cream coloured colonies with a butyrous texture with a velvety, suede-like or ground glass/matt appearance.  Colonies grow best at around 25^oC to 30^oC however growth may be restricted at 37^oC.

 Geotrichum candidum on SAB agar incubated at 30^oC for 5 days

Microscopic Morphology:  Geotrichum species produce hyaline (clear), septate hyphae which show dichotomous branching (7µm – 11 µm wide).  Advancing undifferentiated aerial hyphae produce chains of arthroconida which fragment into individual cells of variable size (6 -12 µm to 3 – 6 µm).  Cells can be cylindrical in shape or may become barrel shaped.  Blastoconidia, conidiophores and pseudohyphae are not produced by Geotrichum species.  Disjunctor cells (empty cells in between arthroconida that fragment to release the arthroconidia) are absent which differentiates them from Coccidioides immitis and Malbranchea.  . Blastoconidia, conidiophores and pseudohyphae are also not produced.

Note: Photos taken with the Leica DMD-108 Microscope.  (a +10 after any magnification indicates another 10% digital magnification factor in addition to the optical magnification of the objective.

 Geotrichum candidum  at ~24 hrs (X250) LPCB

 Geotrichum candidum  at 48 hrs (X250) LPCB

 Geotrichum candidum   (X400) LPCB

Ditto

Geotrichum candidum showing hyphae, arthroconidia in chains and individual arthroconidia from the fragmentation of the chains  (X400) LPCB

Geotrichum candidum showing chains of arthroconida and separate arthroconidia

(X1000) LPCB

Geotrichum candidum showing chains of arthroconida and separate arthroconidia

(X1000+10) LPCB

 Geotrichum candidum showing chains of arthroconida, individual arthroconida from the fragmentation of the chains and septate hyaline branching hyphae in the lower right of photo.

(X1000+10) LPCB

Geotrichum candidum - yet another view to get a feel of the organism,

(X400) LPCB

Geotrichum candidum - showing hyaline hyphae with some rudimentary branching and evidence of the development of arthroconidia as chains towards the right.  Individual arthroconida appear throughout photo.  (X400) LPCB

Geotrichum candidum - individual arthroconidia.  Some of the arthroconidia appear as cylindrical with rounded ends.  Some arthroconidia look somewhat barrel-shaped with some variation in size.  Unsure of the round cell near the middle (X1000+10) LPCB

 Pathogenicity:  Geotrichum species is the causative agent of geotrichosis.  Broncheal and pulmonary infections are the most frequently reported form of the disease, particularly in the immunocompromised host.  Oral, vaginal, cutaneous and alimentary infections have also been reported.

Geotrichum species (candidum) showing dichotomous branching and chains of arthroconida which are fragmenting into individual arthroconidia.  Some cells appear with rather square ends and some rather round.  (X1000+10) LPCB

This photo intended as computer wallpaper (1024 X 768) when posted.

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Sphaerita spp.

Sphaerita spp.

“Big bugs have little bugs, on their backs to bit them’

Little bugs have lesser bugs, and so on ad infinitum”

Anonymous

Some protozoan parasites can themselves be parasitized.  A hyper-parasite! The genus Sphaerita is considered to be a lower fungus and some species are capable of invading the cytoplasm of some amoeboid parasites.  Another parasite of parasites is Nucleophaga species which invades the nucleus.  Sphaerita, (sometimes called Polyphaga spp.) appear as tightly packed clusters within the cytoplasm and measure approximately 0.5 µm to 1.0 µm.

The parasite show below is possibly an Entamoeba coli, however the nucleus is not visible as it is out of the plane of focus.  Sphaerita appears as the small dots within the cytoplasm.

 An amoeboid parasite itself parasitized by the fungal parasite Sphaerita spp.  The Sphaerita appear as the neatly arranged circular dots withing the cytoplasm.

 Iron hematoxylin stain (X1000) Nikon

 An amoeboid parasite itself parasitized by the fungal parasite Sphaerita spp.  Doesn't appear to be digested material or inclusions. This parasite appears to have a rather dark blotchy karyosome reminiscent of Iodamoeba  bütchlii.  Unfortunately I failed to record measurements when I took these photos.  E.coli, Iodamoeba  bütchlii and E.nana were all present in this particular specimen.

Iron hematoxylin stain (X1000) Nikon

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Microsporum gypseum

Microsporum gypseum (Fungus/dermatophyte)

Ecology & Pathology: Micrsporum gypseum is a geophilic (soil loving) dermatophyte which occasionally causes skin infections (tinea corporis) and/or scalp infections (tinea capitis). Onychomycosis (nail infections) have also been reported.  It has also been isolated from horses, dogs, cats and rodents.  A cosmopolitan fungus (found worldwide).

Macroscopic Morphology:  As with other fungi, colour is influenced by the media it is grown on.  Colony generally described as yellowish-buff to a dark cream or tan colour in colour.  The colony may develop a sterile white ‘feathered’ hyphal border or a cottony white raised center.  The reverse may be yellow, orange-tan or brownish-red in colour with possible pink to purplish tinges.  Colonies are generally flat with a granular or powdery texture and exhibit a moderately rapid growth rate, maturing in about one week.

Microsporum gypseum SAB at 7 Days (Nikon)

Microscopic Morphology:  M.gypseum has septate hyphae along which sessile or stalked clavate (club shaped) microconidia (3 – 8 µm X 2 -3 µm) may be found.  The fusiform (spindle shaped) macroconidia (8 – 15 µm X 22 – 60 µm) are relatively thin walled, verrucose (with bumpy surface) and contain about 3 – 6 internal cells.  M. gypseum’s macroconidia has a rounded apical end while the base is truncated and may show an annular frill.  They are usually produced in great numbers.  This differentiates M.gypseum’s macroconidia from the M.canis macroconidia which has rather pointed ends and the rather rare & distorted macroconidia produced by M.audounii.

Note: Photos that follow were taken with the Leica DMD-108 digital microscope.

 M.gypseum -Slide culture at 48 hours (X100 LPCB)

 M.gypseum -Slide culture (X250 LPCB)

Hyphae throughout, some showing microconidia, larger macroconidia at left of photo

M.gypseum -microconidia along hyphae are more visible in this photo. Several macroconida throughout. (X250 LPCB)

M.gypseum - another view of both macro & micro conidia (X250 LPCB)

M.gypseum macroconidia (X 400 LPCB)

(Note 100 µm bar at top right of photo)

M.gypseum macroconidia and sessile microconidia attached to hyphae

(X400 LPCB)

M.gypseum clavate microconidia (sessile & stalked?) attached to hyphae

(X1000 LPCB)

M.gypseum - numerous fusiform (spindle) shaped macroconida

(X400 LPCB)

M.gypseum - numerous macroconidia showing up to six internal cells in each.  Rough 'verrucose' surface is evident.  Adhesive tape preparation. (X1000 LPCB)

M.gypseum macroconidia - on left still attached to conidophore,  Rough verrucose surface on lower middle macroconida. (X1000 LPCB)

M.gypseum - more of the same, but I just love them!

(X1000 LPCB)

M.gypsium - macroconidia and a few microconidia (X1000 LPCB)

M.gypseum macroconidium showing rounded apical end and truncated end where once attached to conidiophore.  Six internal cells or compartments visible.  Rather thin walled with somewhat rough texture evident.  (X1000+10 LPCB)

M. gypseum - nearly identical to the macroconidia above, this cell also has six internal cells or compartments with verrucose surface.  Nature's own canoe!  (X1000+10 LPCB)

*  *  *

  Physiological Tests:  M.gypseum is positive for the hair perforation test.  It requires no special growth factors and produces no change in pH when inoculated into BCP-milk solids-glucose media.  It is urea positive.

 M.gypseum - Intended as computer wallpaper (1024 X 768 when posted)

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Aspergillus sydowii

Aspergillus sydowii (Fungus)

Distribution:  Worldwide distribution however may occur with increased frequency between 26^o – 35^o latitudes.  Primarily found in soils but has been recovered from a variety of sources, both indoor and outdoor.

Pathogenicity: Implicated as an agent of invasive aspergillosis, keratomycosis (infection of cornea/eye), and onychomycosis (nail infection).

  Aspergillus sydowii SAB 10 Days

Macroscopic Morphology:  Growth rate is moderate.  Colour is influenced by media. It has been described as a blue-green to dark green to greyish-turquoise.  Colonies may have straw-coloured to reddish-brown shades with exudate.  Reverse is usually maroon, reddish, to reddish-brown.  The isolate presented here was grown on SAB media and appears dark green with a white fringe.  Texture has been described as lanose (woolly), velutinous (dense, silky hairy) or floccose (tufts of hair/hairy).  All the preceding means is that A.sydowii produces rather long conidiophore stipes (~stems) up to 200 µm which can give the colony that woolly or hairy appearance.

Micsroscopic Morphology:  The long, smooth-walled stipes which bear the conidiophores are hyaline generally (translucent/transparent/colourless) or slightly brownish. The vesicles (7.0 µm - 17 µm wide) may appear sub-spherical, pyriform (pear or teardrop shaped) to somewhat clavate (club shaped).   Conidiogenous structures are biserate with metulae[1] (2 µm -3.5 µm by 4 µm -6 µm) and phialides (2 µm – 3 µm by 5 µm – 7 µm) in size.  Diminutive conidial structures are produced by many isolates which may resemble penicillate (like Penicillium) heads.  Conidia are spherical, echinulate or spinose (rough, jagged texture), and are about 2.5 µm to 4.0 µm in diameter.  Hülle cells may be present.

Note: All photos below were taken with the Leica DMD-108 digital microscope.  The optical magnification is recorded, however, if a +10 appears after the optical magnification factor, it denotes an additional 10% digital magnification.

 Aspergillus sydowii -Slide Culture 48 hrs (X250 LPCB)

 A.sydowii - Adhesive Tape Preparation (X1000 LPCB)

Aspergillus sydowii (X1000 LPCB)

Vesicle with biserate conidiogenous structures

Ditto

Aspergillus sydowii - Adhesive Tape Preparation (X1000+10 LPCB)

Vesicle bearing conidiogenous metulae & phailides (biserate)

A.sydowii (X1000 LPCB)

(Note 100 µm bar at upper right)

As above -another view (X1000+10 LPCB)

A.sydowii -Yet another view - As above

A.sydowii (X1000+10 LPCB)

(Note echinulate or spinose [rough] surface texture of conidia)

Aspergillus sydowii (X1000 LPCB)

Aspergillus sydowii - Long Stipes (X1000 LPCB)

A.sydowii - Adhesive Tape Preparation (X1000 LPCB)

(Note reduced conidiophore structure resembling Penicillium species)

A.sydowii conidia (X1000+10 LPCB)

(Note echinulate or spinose [rough] surface texture of conidia)

Note:  They may be distinguished from Aspergillus versicolor by their turquoise colony hue if grown on CYA25 agar.  The moderately growing A.sydowii produces rather small colonies within a week compared to many other Aspergillus species.  The rough conidia borne from small, compact biserate conidial heads on hyaline to slightly brown stipes is also distinctive.

---

[1] See A.fumigatus post for illustrated description of structures medulla & phialides

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Iodamoeba bütschlii

Iodamoeba bütschlii (Intestinal Protozoa – Amoebae) Intestinal Parasite

Distribution:  Iodamoeba bütschlii can be found worldwide however it is less common than Entamoeba coli or Endolimax nana.

Pathogenicity:  I.bütschlii is considered non-pathogenic however it must be correctly identified to distinguish it from pathogenic intestinal amoebae.  Presence of these intestinal amoebae is evidence that the person carrying it has come in contact with a contaminated source, raising the possibility of the presence of other parasites.

Trophozoites: Trophozoites reside in the large intestine where they survive by ingesting bacteria and yeast but not red blood cells.  In a direct wet preparation made from freshly obtained specimen, the trophozoites display a sluggishly progressive motility through hyaline pseudopodia.  In an iron hematoxylin or trichrome stained preparation, trophozoites exhibit a wide range in size, varying from 6 to 25 µm with the majority around 9 to 14 µm.  Cytoplasm has a coarsely granular appearance and food vacuoles containing ingested material may be visible.

The trophozoites have a single nucleus which is surrounded by a delicate nuclear membrane devoid of peripheral chromatin.  As such, a stained preparation may not delineate the nuclear membrane and the karyosome may simply appear to be contained in a vacuole.  The karyosome is large, irregularly rounded and may be central or somewhat eccentric.   With optimally stained preparations, granules surrounding the karyosome may be visible.  These chromatin granules may arrange to form a ring or radiate outwards between the karyosome and the nuclear membrane.

 

Note: Photos of  I.bütschlii trophozoites and cysts stained by using the Iron Hematoxylin stain follow.  I believe I took all at X1000 magnification.  Size may vary between photographs due to my cropping of the photographs.  Nikon Coolpix camera used for all but the last photograph.

 I.bütschlii trophozoite (Iron Hematoxylin Stain X1000 Nikon)

 

Ditto

  I.bütschlii trophozoite showing large blotchy karyosome withing nucleus.  Nucleus outline visible showing no peripheral chromatin.

 

I.bütschlii trophozoite - cell shape is more irregular that Endolimax nana which is usually rounder.

 

 I.bütschlii trophozoite - again rather irregular shape.  Reddish spot (inclusion/surface?) is material which happened to stain acid-fast with the carbol fuschin staining stage added to detect the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum or Cyclospora cayetanesis oocyts if present.

 I.bütschlii trophozoite - two cells.  Difficult to distinguish from E.nana trophs although generally more irregular in shape and space between nuclear membrane and karyosome appears clearer with fewer chromatin granules.

 I.bütschlii trophozoite - Binucleated cell

Cysts:  Cysts of I.bütschlii range in diameter from 6 to 16 µm, averaging 9 to 10 µm and may appear spherical however they are usually ovoidal or irregular in shape.  The most striking feature is the large glycogen vacuole which may contribute to half, if not more of the cysts size.  In fresh specimens stained with iodine, the glycogen vacuole appears yellow-brown to brown in colour.  It is because of this staining property with iodine that Iodamoeba acquired its generic name.  In an iron hematoxylin stained preparation, the glycogen vacuole appears clear or off-white’.  The cyst nucleus is large, often irregular in shape, with the karyosome usually eccentric in position.  It may even appear pressed against the nuclear membrane.  As with the trophozoites, the nuclear membrane is devoid of peripheral chromatin and therefore may not be visible.  In well stained preparations, chromatin granules may be form a crescent shape partially surrounding the karyosome. Linin fibrils may be seen running between the karyosome and the chromatin granules.  This arrangement when visible has been described as a ‘basket of flowers’, with a distorted karyosome forming the ‘basket’, the linin fibrils as the stems and the granules as the blossoms.  Unfortunately my staining and/or the resolution of the camera failed to pick up this fine detail in the photos which follow.

I.bütschlii cyst - Nuclear membrane all but invisible.  Large glycogen vacuole seen on right side of cell.

I.bütschlii cyst - large glycogen vacuole takes up most of the cell's interior.

Ditto

I.bütschlii cyst - irregular shaped cell with large glycogen vacuole.  Another view.

I.bütschlii cyst - binucleated cell.

I.bütschlii trophozoite & cyst. Cyst nucleus not visible in this view.

I.bütschlii trophozoite & cyst. Cyst nucleus not visible in this view.

I.bütschlii - two cysts.  

 I.bütschlii -trophs & cyst

 I.bütschlii - Cysts in concentrate (unstained)

Trophozoites may be very difficult to recognize in an unstained concentrate as the nucleus is all but invisible.  The cyst is more obvious because of its large vacuole which, as above, appears as a void within the cell.  Iodine  can be added to stain the glycogen, making it more visible with the production of a dark brown colour.

Two  I.bütschlii trophozoites seen and one Chilomastix mesnilii trophozoite (just below and to the left of lower I.bütschlii trophozoite)  This photo taken with the DMD-108 Microscope/camera.

Diagnosis:  Unstained preparations are inadequate for detecting I.bütschlii as the features are poorly defined with the nucleus often undetectable.  The cyst’s vacuole may be the only structure visible suggesting the presence of I.bütschlii.  Definitive diagnosis can only be made with the iron hematoxylin or trichrome stained preparation.  The cyst form is unique and cannot be mistaken for any other organism.  The trophozoites however may be mistaken for Endolimax nana trophozoites as the size range overlaps and both have a similar nuclear arrangement – a large karyosome (endosome) with no peripheral chromatin on the nuclear membrane.  E.nana trophs are generally smaller, having a less granular cytoplasm and the space between the karyosome and nuclear membrane may be devoid of the chromatin granules seen in I.bütschlii.   Differentiation may still be challenging.

A diarrheal sample is more likely to yield trophozoites rather than cysts.

Epidemiology, Prevention & Treatment:  Infective cysts are transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.  Infection is more likely where sanitary conditions are lacking.  As I.bütschlii is considered to be non-pathogenic, treatment is not recommended.

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